The project falls within the field of materials science. High-performance energy storage materials and devices are urgently needed for the development of new energy and emerging electronic intelligent equipment, among other high-tech industries. Currently, carbon-based materials remain the most cost-effective energy storage materials, but they still face a significant technical bottleneck in terms of low energy density. Therefore, designing high-performance carbon-based electrode materials using fundamental principles and methods from multiple disciplines, developing controlled synthesis and structural control methodologies for novel carbon-based materials, and solving key technological issues in their energy storage applications are crucial to overcoming these bottlenecks. The project has carried out innovative research on the structure design and performance of novel carbon-based materials, with the main scientific findings being as follows: (1) Applying colloid and surface interface science, coordination chemistry, and reaction kinetics fundamentals and methods to the material's design and synthesis process, proposing a methodology for the structural design and controlled synthesis of novel carbon-based energy storage materials. The development of 'polymer colloid induction' for the ultramicropore @ microporous core-shell structure, 'emulsion-hydrothermal method' for hierarchical pore structures, and 'microphase separation' kinetics control for the controllable construction of mesoporous structures in carbon-based materials has overcome the key problem of wide and difficult-to-control pore distribution in conventional carbon materials. It has achieved precise control over ultramicropores and their matching with electrolyte ion sizes, improved the utilization rate of electrolyte ions on the pore surface and their mass transfer performance within the pores, maximized electrode capacity, and significantly enhanced rate performance and cycle life. This discovery point has also successfully guided the research and development of nitrogen-doped ultramicroporous carbon-based supercapacitor electrode materials. (2) Application of surface chemistry, Polymer science and the fundamental principles and methods of material structure are used to regulate the surface chemistry and properties of carbon materials, developing new methods for the functionalization of carbon material surfaces. A nitrogen-rich double-chain ladder molecular precursor with high thermal stability was designed, and based on this, a highly efficient and simple method for synthesizing nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres was developed. This solves the problem that in traditional methods, due to the low content of heteroatoms or/and poor thermal stability in the precursors, the heteroatom content in carbon materials is generally not high. As a result, it significantly improves the surface chemical properties of carbon materials, enhances the transmission performance of electrolyte ions through their pores, and at the same time, greatly increases the pseudocapacitance of electrode materials, thereby significantly improving the electrochemical performance of carbon materials. In addition, based on the synergistic effects of polymer colloid induction, Schiff base chemistry, and rigid structure construction, an organic combination of ultra-microporous carbon with in-situ nitrogen surface modification was achieved. A design and synthesis method for nitrogen-functionalized ultramicroporous carbon nanoparticles has been established. (3) Based on the research approach of phase transition kinetics, a new effect was discovered where certain transition metal oxides promote the low-temperature graphitization of carbon materials. Thermosetting resin-derived carbon is still difficult to graphitize or has a low degree of graphitization even after treatment at extremely high temperatures (3000°C). High-temperature treatment can significantly reduce the specific surface area of the material, which is not conducive to its use as an electrode material. For the first time, a new effect was discovered where certain transition metal oxides can significantly promote the degree of graphitization of carbon materials at conventional carbonization temperatures, and can simultaneously introduce high electrochemical activity pseudocapacitive effects. On this basis, high-performance electrode materials such as MnO2 (NiO)/carbon microspheres were controllably synthesized, giving the carbon materials good electrical conductivity and extremely low internal resistance, greatly improving their electrochemical performance. The project has published 54 SCI-indexed papers (13 of which have been successively selected as ESI Top 1% Highly Cited Papers, and 3 have been selected as ESI Hot Topics), with research results recognized by peers both domestically and internationally. The work has been cited by institutions from 61 countries and regions, totaling 554 research institutions and 328 publications. Eight representative papers (all of which have been successively selected as ESI Highly Cited Papers, with one paper being selected twice as an ESI Hot Topic) have been cited 1013 times, with 795 citations in SCI, the highest single citation being 252 times, and an average of 197 citations per paper.