Microbial systems are the core and hub of aquatic ecosystems, and they are key factors in determining a water body's self-purification capabilities. Microbial systems form the foundation of ecosystem construction and act as the primary decomposers and producers. The metabolism of microorganisms is the link between aquatic animals, plants, and nutrients (pollutants) in the water. A well-functioning microbial system can transfer nutrients (pollutants) from the water to aquatic organisms, achieving effective material cycling and energy flow by constructing and extending the food chain within the system. The most significant characteristic of microbial activation technology for water bodies is that it changes the traditional bypass water treatment process used in water purification. By domesticating indigenous microbial species beneficial for pollutant removal, it disrupts the balance of existing microorganisms in the water body; continuously activating the native microorganisms in the water body, allowing them to reproduce in large numbers, and utilizing the continuous microcirculation of the water body to release these microorganisms into the water continuously. Using the water body itself instead of traditional limited bioreactors greatly releases the space for microbial growth; fully leveraging the strong decomposition ability that microorganisms produce during their massive reproduction process on pollutants in the water, enhancing the effective biomass and functionality of microorganisms, restructuring, perfecting, and optimizing the aquatic microbial ecosystem, thereby promoting the restoration of the self-purification capacity of the aquatic ecosystem to achieve the goal of ecological restoration of the water body.