Pavement quality inspection is a prerequisite for road maintenance and repair. Traditional inspection methods are generally complex to operate and costly, resulting in long inspection cycles for pavements, with some roads not being effectively monitored, and basic testing methods for low-grade roads being virtually non-existent. Based on the research of vehicle-road vibration mechanisms and the distribution changes of pavement temperature fields, a lightweight and rapid detection system has been developed for abnormal damages such as pavement smoothness, driving comfort, crack development degree, and bridgehead jump-ups. This system achieves fast, reliable, economical, and reasonable comprehensive pavement quality inspection.